Explainable AI Within the Digital Transformation and Cyber Physical Systems by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030764098
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

6.1.1 Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)

A study of human behaviour requires observation. Normally, the observation cannot be continuously performed by a specialist. Thus, often a person is asked to “log” their own behaviour over a specified period of time on their own. The simplest form of logging is keeping a diary [5] in which the behavioural characteristics of interest are captured. However, the use of simple diaries possesses problems related to the data validity [5]. Namely, the diaries require a person to: (1) remember own behaviour characteristics, (2) accurately fill them retroactively, and (3) fill them regularly [5].

A concept of EMA was introduced by Stone and Shiffman in 1994 to refer to “monitoring or sampling strategies to assess phenomena at the moment they occur in natural settings” [6]. Performing a repeated sampling of behaviour in a typical environment of each participant was hypothesized to improve validity of the collected data and to reduce the participant’s need to remember and recall their activity [6]. Therefore, the use of EMA is aimed to avoid the problems linked to the traditional logging with diaries and questionnaires [5].

Rapid development of the digital tools and mobile devices allows automation of the EMA procedures. Meaning that the data can be collected with a smartphone [2, 7]. The use of electronic devices allows automatically reminding a person to report own behaviour without involving a human experimenter [2, 7]. Moreover, the use of a personal mobile device provides a potential to perform covert (or passive) data collection about the person’s behaviour [1]. Therefore, management of EMA studies becomes easier and human factors during data entry are reduced.

The EMA data can be successfully used not only for monitoring per se. The data can be used to train models of human behaviour for the use in an Ecological Momentary Intervention (EMI) [8]. During EMI, a person receives real-time feedback based on the analysis of the behaviour data collected until now. The EMI-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) was successfully implemented to change the eating behaviour of overweight adults [7, 9]. It is also imperative for the success of any EMI method that the feedback provided to users is transparent.

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